HTML: The Living Standard

Edition for Web Developers — Last Updated 21 November 2024

1. 1. 6.11 Drag and drop
      1. 6.11.1 Introduction
      2. 6.11.2 The drag data store
      3. 6.11.3 The DataTransfer interface
         1. 6.11.3.1 The DataTransferItemList interface
         2. 6.11.3.2 The DataTransferItem interface
      4. 6.11.4 The DragEvent interface
      5. 6.11.5 Events summary
      6. 6.11.6 The draggable attribute

6.11 Drag and drop

This section defines an event-based drag-and-drop mechanism.

This specification does not define exactly what a drag-and-drop operation actually is.

On a visual medium with a pointing device, a drag operation could be the default action of a mousedown event that is followed by a series of mousemove events, and the drop could be triggered by the mouse being released.

When using an input modality other than a pointing device, users would probably have to explicitly indicate their intention to perform a drag-and-drop operation, stating what they wish to drag and where they wish to drop it, respectively.

6.11.1 Introduction

To make an element draggable, give the element a draggable attribute, and set an event listener for dragstart that stores the data being dragged.

The event handler typically needs to check that it's not a text selection that is being dragged, and then needs to store data into the DataTransfer object and set the allowed effects (copy, move, link, or some combination).

For example:

<p>What fruits do you like?</p>
<ol ondragstart="dragStartHandler(event)">
 <li draggable="true" data-value="fruit-apple">Apples</li>
 <li draggable="true" data-value="fruit-orange">Oranges</li>
 <li draggable="true" data-value="fruit-pear">Pears</li>
</ol>
<script>
  var internalDNDType = 'text/x-example'; // set this to something specific to your site
  function dragStartHandler(event) {
    if (event.target instanceof HTMLLIElement) {
      // use the element's data-value="" attribute as the value to be moving:
      event.dataTransfer.setData(internalDNDType, event.target.dataset.value);
      event.dataTransfer.effectAllowed = 'move'; // only allow moves
    } else {
      event.preventDefault(); // don't allow selection to be dragged
    }
  }
</script>

To accept a drop, the drop target has to listen to the following events:

1. The dragenter event handler reports whether or not the drop target is potentially willing to accept the drop, by canceling the event.
2. The dragover event handler specifies what feedback will be shown to the user, by setting the dropEffect attribute of the DataTransfer associated with the event. This event also needs to be canceled.
3. The drop event handler has a final chance to accept or reject the drop. If the drop is accepted, the event handler must perform the drop operation on the target. This event needs to be canceled, so that the dropEffect attribute's value can be used by the source. Otherwise, the drop operation is rejected.

For example:

<p>Drop your favorite fruits below:</p>
<ol ondragenter="dragEnterHandler(event)" ondragover="dragOverHandler(event)"
    ondrop="dropHandler(event)">
</ol>
<script>
  var internalDNDType = 'text/x-example'; // set this to something specific to your site
  function dragEnterHandler(event) {
    var items = event.dataTransfer.items;
    for (var i = 0; i < items.length; ++i) {
      var item = items[i];
      if (item.kind == 'string' && item.type == internalDNDType) {
        event.preventDefault();
        return;
      }
    }
  }
  function dragOverHandler(event) {
    event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'move';
    event.preventDefault();
  }
  function dropHandler(event) {
    var li = document.createElement('li');
    var data = event.dataTransfer.getData(internalDNDType);
    if (data == 'fruit-apple') {
      li.textContent = 'Apples';
    } else if (data == 'fruit-orange') {
      li.textContent = 'Oranges';
    } else if (data == 'fruit-pear') {
      li.textContent = 'Pears';
    } else {
      li.textContent = 'Unknown Fruit';
    }
    event.target.appendChild(li);
  }
</script>

To remove the original element (the one that was dragged) from the display, the dragend event can be used.

For our example here, that means updating the original markup to handle that event:

<p>What fruits do you like?</p>
<ol ondragstart="dragStartHandler(event)" ondragend="dragEndHandler(event)">
 ...as before...
</ol>
<script>
  function dragStartHandler(event) {
    // ...as before...
  }
  function dragEndHandler(event) {
    if (event.dataTransfer.dropEffect == 'move') {
      // remove the dragged element
      event.target.parentNode.removeChild(event.target);
    }
  }
</script>

6.11.2 The drag data store

The data that underlies a drag-and-drop operation, known as the drag data store, consists of the following information:

• A drag data store item list, which is a list of items representing the dragged data, each consisting of the following information:

  The drag data item kind

  The kind of data:

  Text

  Text.

  File

  Binary data with a filename.

  The drag data item type string

  A Unicode string giving the type or format of the data, generally given by a MIME type. Some values that are not MIME types are special-cased for legacy reasons. The API does not enforce the use of MIME types; other values can be used as well. In all cases, however, the values are all converted to ASCII lowercase by the API.

  There is a limit of one text item per item type string.

  The actual data

  A Unicode or binary string, in some cases with a filename (itself a Unicode string), as per the drag data item kind.

  The drag data store item list is ordered in the order that the items were added to the list; most recently added last.

• The following information, used to generate the UI feedback during the drag:

  • User-agent-defined default feedback information, known as the drag data store default feedback.
  • Optionally, a bitmap image and the coordinate of a point within that image, known as the drag data store bitmap and drag data store hot spot coordinate.

• A drag data store mode, which is one of the following:

  Read/write mode

  For the dragstart event. New data can be added to the drag data store.

  Read-only mode

  For the drop event. The list of items representing dragged data can be read, including the data. No new data can be added.

  Protected mode

  For all other events. The formats and kinds in the drag data store list of items representing dragged data can be enumerated, but the data itself is unavailable and no new data can be added.

• A drag data store allowed effects state, which is a string.

When a drag data store is created, it must be initialized such that its drag data store item list is empty, it has no drag data store default feedback, it has no drag data store bitmap and drag data store hot spot coordinate, its drag data store mode is protected mode, and its drag data store allowed effects state is the string "uninitialized".

6.11.3 The DataTransfer interface

DataTransfer objects are used to expose the drag data store that underlies a drag-and-drop operation.

dataTransfer = new DataTransfer()

Creates a new DataTransfer object with an empty drag data store.

dataTransfer.dropEffect [ = value ]

Returns the kind of operation that is currently selected. If the kind of operation isn't one of those that is allowed by the effectAllowed attribute, then the operation will fail.

Can be set, to change the selected operation.

The possible values are "none", "copy", "link", and "move".

dataTransfer.effectAllowed [ = value ]

Returns the kinds of operations that are to be allowed.

Can be set (during the dragstart event), to change the allowed operations.

The possible values are "none", "copy", "copyLink", "copyMove", "link", "linkMove", "move", "all", and "uninitialized",

dataTransfer.items

Returns a DataTransferItemList object, with the drag data.

dataTransfer.setDragImage(element, x, y)

Uses the given element to update the drag feedback, replacing any previously specified feedback.

dataTransfer.types

Returns a frozen array listing the formats that were set in the dragstart event. In addition, if any files are being dragged, then one of the types will be the string "Files".

data = dataTransfer.getData(format)

Returns the specified data. If there is no such data, returns the empty string.

dataTransfer.setData(format, data)

Adds the specified data.

dataTransfer.clearData([ format ])

Removes the data of the specified formats. Removes all data if the argument is omitted.

dataTransfer.files

Returns a FileList of the files being dragged, if any.

DataTransfer objects that are created as part of drag-and-drop events are only valid while those events are being fired.

6.11.3.1 The DataTransferItemList interface

Each DataTransfer object is associated with a DataTransferItemList object.

items.length

Returns the number of items in the drag data store.

items[index]

Returns the DataTransferItem object representing the indexth entry in the drag data store.

items.remove(index)

Removes the indexth entry in the drag data store.

items.clear()

Removes all the entries in the drag data store.

items.add(data)

items.add(data, type)

Adds a new entry for the given data to the drag data store. If the data is plain text then a type string has to be provided also.

6.11.3.2 The DataTransferItem interface

Each DataTransferItem object is associated with a DataTransfer object.

item.kind

Returns the drag data item kind, one of: "string", "file".

item.type

Returns the drag data item type string.

item.getAsString(callback)

Invokes the callback with the string data as the argument, if the drag data item kind is text.

file = item.getAsFile()

Returns a File object, if the drag data item kind is File.

6.11.4 The DragEvent interface

The drag-and-drop processing model involves several events. They all use the DragEvent interface.

event.dataTransfer

Returns the DataTransfer object for the event.

Although, for consistency with other event interfaces, the DragEvent interface has a constructor, it is not particularly useful. In particular, there's no way to create a useful DataTransfer object from script, as DataTransfer objects have a processing and security model that is coordinated by the browser during drag-and-drops.

6.11.5 Events summary

The following events are involved in the drag-and-drop model.

All of these events bubble, are composed, and the effectAllowed attribute always has the value it had after the dragstart event, defaulting to "uninitialized" in the dragstart event.

6.11.6 The draggable attribute

All HTML elements may have the draggable content attribute set. The draggable attribute is an enumerated attribute with the following keywords and states:

The attribute's missing value default and invalid value default are both the auto state. The auto state uses the default behavior of the user agent.

An element with a draggable attribute should also have a title attribute that names the element for the purpose of non-visual interactions.

element.draggable [ = value ]

Returns true if the element is draggable; otherwise, returns false.

Can be set, to override the default and set the draggable content attribute.