Living Standard — Last Updated 5 December 2024
Thanks to Tim Berners-Lee for inventing HTML, without which none of this would exist.
Thanks to Aankhen, Aaqa Ishtyaq, Aaron Boodman, Aaron Leventhal, Aaron Krajeski, Abhishek Ghaskata, Abhishek Gupta, Adam Barth, Adam de Boor, Adam Hepton, Adam Klein, Adam Rice, Adam Roben, Addison Phillips, Adele Peterson, Adrian Bateman, Adrian Roselli, Adrian Sutton, Agustín Fernández, Aharon (Vladimir) Lanin, Ajai Tirumali, Ajay Poshak, Akash Balenalli, Akatsuki Kitamura, Alan Jeffrey, Alan Plum, Alastair Campbell, Alejandro G. Castro, Alex Bishop, Alex Nicolaou, Alex Nozdriukhin, Alex Rousskov, Alex Soncodi, Alexander Farkas, Alexander J. Vincent, Alexander Kalenik, Alexandre Dieulot, Alexandre Morgaut, Alexey Feldgendler, Алексей Проскуряков (Alexey Proskuryakov), Alexey Shvayka, Alexis Deveria, Alfred Agrell, Ali Juma, Alice Boxhall, Alice Wonder, Allan Clements, Allen Wirfs-Brock, Alex Komoroske, Alex Russell, Alphan Chen, Aman Ansari, Ami Fischman, Amos Jeffries, Amos Lim, Anders Carlsson, André Bargull, André E. 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Andersen, for their useful comments, both large and small, that have led to changes to this specification over the years.
Thanks also to everyone who has ever posted about HTML to their blogs, public mailing lists, or forums, including all the contributors to the various W3C HTML WG lists and the various WHATWG lists.
Special thanks to Richard Williamson for creating the first implementation of
canvas
in Safari, from which the canvas feature was designed.
Special thanks also to the Microsoft employees who first implemented the event-based
drag-and-drop mechanism, contenteditable
, and other
features first widely deployed by the Windows Internet Explorer browser.
Special thanks and $10,000 to David Hyatt who came up with a broken implementation of the adoption agency algorithm that the editor had to reverse engineer and fix before using it in the parsing section.
Thanks to the participants of the microdata usability study for allowing us to use their mistakes as a guide for designing the microdata feature.
Thanks to the many sources that provided inspiration for the examples used in the specification.
Thanks also to the Microsoft blogging community for some ideas, to the attendees of the W3C Workshop on Web Applications and Compound Documents for inspiration, to the #mrt crew, the #mrt.no crew, and the #whatwg crew, and to Pillar and Hedral for their ideas and support.
Thanks to Igor Zhbanov for generating PDF versions of the specification.
Special thanks to the RICG for developing
the picture
element and related features; in particular thanks to Adrian Bateman,
Bruce Lawson, David Newton, Ilya Grigorik, John Schoenick, Leon de Rijke, Mat Marquis, Marcos
Cáceres, Tab Atkins, Theresa O'Connor, and Yoav Weiss for their contributions.
Special thanks to the WPWG for incubating the custom elements feature. In particular, thanks to David Hyatt and Ian Hickson for their influence through the XBL specifications, Dimitri Glazkov for the first draft of the custom elements specification, and to Alex Komoroske, Alex Russell, Andres Rios, Boris Zbarsky, Brian Kardell, Daniel Buchner, Dominic Cooney, Erik Arvidsson, Elliott Sprehn, Hajime Morrita, Hayato Ito, Jan Miksovsky, Jonas Sicking, Olli Pettay, Rafael Weinstein, Roland Steiner, Ryosuke Niwa, Scott Miles, Steve Faulkner, Steve Orvell, Tab Atkins, Theresa O'Connor, Tim Perry, and William Chen for their contributions.
Special thanks to the CSSWG for developing the worklets. In particular, thanks to Ian Kilpatrick for his work as editor of the original worklets specification.
For about ten years starting in 2003, this standard was almost entirely written by Ian Hickson (Google, ian@hixie.ch).
Starting in 2015, the editor group expanded. It is currently maintained by Anne van Kesteren (Apple, annevk@annevk.nl), Domenic Denicola (Google, d@domenic.me) Dominic Farolino (Google, domfarolino@gmail.com), Philip Jägenstedt (Google, philip@foolip.org), and Simon Pieters (Mozilla, zcorpan@gmail.com).
The image in the introduction is based on a photo by Wonderlane. (CC BY 2.0)
The image of the wolf in the embedded content introduction is based on a photo by Barry O'Neill. (Public domain)
The image of the kettlebell swing in the embedded content introduction is based on a photo by kokkarina. (CC0 1.0)
The Blue Robot Player sprite used in the canvas demo is based on a work by JohnColburn. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
The photograph of robot 148 climbing the tower at the FIRST Robotics Competition 2013 Silicon Valley Regional is based on a work by Lenore Edman. (CC BY 2.0)
The diagram showing how async
and defer
impact script
loading is based on a
similar diagram from a
blog post by Peter Beverloo.
(CC0 1.0)
The image decoding demo used to demonstrate module-based workers draws on some example code from a tutorial by Ilmari Heikkinen. (CC BY 3.0)
The <flag-icon>
example was inspired by a custom element by Steven
Skelton. (MIT)
Part of the revision history of the
picture
element and related features can be found in the ResponsiveImagesCG/picture-element
repository, which is available under the W3C Software and
Document License.
Part of the revision history of the theme-color
metadata name can be found in the whatwg/meta-theme-color
repository, which is available under CC0.
Part of the revision history of the custom elements feature can be found in the w3c/webcomponents
repository, which
is available under the W3C Software and
Document License.
Part of the revision history of the innerText
getter and setter can be found in the rocallahan/innerText-spec
repository, which is available under CC0.
Part of the revision history of the worklets feature can be found in the w3c/css-houdini-drafts
repository, which is available under the W3C Software and
Document License.
Part of the revision history of the import maps feature can be found in the WICG/import-maps
repository, which is available under the W3C Software and
Document License.
Part of the revision history of the navigation API feature can be found in the WICG/navigation-api
repository, which is available under the W3C Software and
Document License.
Part of the revision history of the Close requests and close watchers section can be
found in the WICG/close-watcher
repository, which is available under the W3C Software and
Document License.
Copyright © WHATWG (Apple, Google, Mozilla, Microsoft). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To the extent portions of it are incorporated into source code, such portions in the source code are licensed under the BSD 3-Clause License instead.
This is the Living Standard. Those interested in the patent-review version should view the Living Standard Review Draft.