HTML
Living Standard — Last Updated 12 July 2025
Living Standard — Last Updated 12 July 2025
Navigator objectSupport in all current engines.
Instances of Navigator represent the identity and state of the user agent (the
client). It has also been used as a generic global under which various APIs are located, but this
is not precedent to build upon. Instead use the WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope mixin or
equivalent.
[Exposed =Window ]
interface Navigator {
// objects implementing this interface also implement the interfaces given below
};
Navigator includes NavigatorID ;
Navigator includes NavigatorLanguage ;
Navigator includes NavigatorOnLine ;
Navigator includes NavigatorContentUtils ;
Navigator includes NavigatorCookies ;
Navigator includes NavigatorPlugins ;
Navigator includes NavigatorConcurrentHardware ;These interface mixins are defined separately so that WorkerNavigator can reuse parts of
the Navigator interface.
Each Window has an associated Navigator, which is a Navigator
object. Upon creation of the Window object, its associated Navigator must be
set to a new Navigator object created in the Window object's relevant realm.
Support in all current engines.
The navigator and clientInformation getter steps are to return
this's associated Navigator.
interface mixin NavigatorID {
readonly attribute DOMString appCodeName ; // constant "Mozilla"
readonly attribute DOMString appName ; // constant "Netscape"
readonly attribute DOMString appVersion ;
readonly attribute DOMString platform ;
readonly attribute DOMString product ; // constant "Gecko"
[Exposed =Window ] readonly attribute DOMString productSub ;
readonly attribute DOMString userAgent ;
[Exposed =Window ] readonly attribute DOMString vendor ;
[Exposed =Window ] readonly attribute DOMString vendorSub ; // constant ""
};In certain cases, despite the best efforts of the entire industry, web browsers have bugs and limitations that web authors are forced to work around.
This section defines a collection of attributes that can be used to determine, from script, the kind of user agent in use, in order to work around these issues.
The user agent has a navigator compatibility mode, which is either Chrome, Gecko, or WebKit.
The navigator compatibility
mode constrains the NavigatorID mixin to the combinations of attribute
values and presence of taintEnabled() and oscpu that are known to be compatible with existing web
content.
Client detection should always be limited to detecting known current versions; future versions and unknown versions should always be assumed to be fully compliant.
self.navigator.appCodeNameReturns the string "Mozilla".
self.navigator.appNameReturns the string "Netscape".
self.navigator.appVersionReturns the version of the browser.
self.navigator.platformReturns the name of the platform.
self.navigator.productReturns the string "Gecko".
window.navigator.productSubReturns either the string "20030107", or the string "20100101".
self.navigator.userAgentSupport in all current engines.
Support in all current engines.
Returns the complete `User-Agent` header.
window.navigator.vendorReturns either the empty string, the string "Apple Computer, Inc.",
or the string "Google Inc.".
window.navigator.vendorSubReturns the empty string.
The appCodeName getter steps are to return
"Mozilla".
The appName
getter steps are to return "Netscape".
The appVersion getter steps are to return the
appropriate string that starts with "5.0 (", as
follows:
User-Agent` value that follows the "Mozilla/"
prefix.Return trail.
If trail starts with "5.0 (Windows", then return "5.0 (Windows)".
Otherwise, return the prefix of trail up to but not including the first U+003B
(;), concatenated with the character U+0029 RIGHT PARENTHESIS. For example, "5.0 (Macintosh)", "5.0 (Android 10)", or "5.0 (X11)".
The platform
getter steps are to return a string representing the platform on which the
browser is executing (e.g. "MacIntel", "Win32",
"Linux x86_64", "Linux armv81") or, for privacy and
compatibility, a string that is commonly returned on another platform.
The product
getter steps are to return "Gecko".
The productSub
getter steps are to return the appropriate string from the following list:
The string "20030107".
The string "20100101".
The userAgent
getter steps are to return the default `User-Agent`
value.
The vendor
getter steps are to return the appropriate string from the following list:
The string "Google Inc.".
The empty string.
The string "Apple Computer, Inc.".
The vendorSub
getter steps are to return the empty string.
If the navigator compatibility mode is Gecko, then the user agent must also support the following partial interface:
partial interface mixin NavigatorID {
[Exposed =Window ] boolean taintEnabled (); // constant false
[Exposed =Window ] readonly attribute DOMString oscpu ;
};The taintEnabled() method must return false.
The oscpu attribute's getter must return
either the empty string or a string representing the platform on which the browser is executing,
e.g. "Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64", "Linux
x86_64".
Any information in this API that varies from user to user can be used to profile the user. In
fact, if enough such information is available, a user can actually be uniquely identified. For
this reason, user agent implementers are strongly urged to include as little information in this
API as possible.
interface mixin NavigatorLanguage {
readonly attribute DOMString language ;
readonly attribute FrozenArray <DOMString > languages ;
};self.navigator.languageSupport in all current engines.
Support in all current engines.
Returns a language tag representing the user's preferred language.
self.navigator.languagesSupport in all current engines.
Support in all current engines.
Returns an array of language tags representing the user's preferred languages, with the most preferred language first.
The most preferred language is the one returned by navigator.language.
A languagechange event is fired at the
Window or WorkerGlobalScope object when the user agent's understanding
of what the user's preferred languages are changes.
The language getter steps are to return a valid BCP 47
language tag representing either a plausible language or the user's most preferred
language. [BCP47]
The languages getter steps are to
return a frozen array of valid BCP 47 language tags representing either one
or more plausible languages, or the user's preferred
languages, ordered by preference with the most preferred language first. The same object must be
returned until the user agent needs to return different values, or values in a different order.
[BCP47]
Whenever the user agent needs to make the navigator.languages attribute of a Window
or WorkerGlobalScope object global return a new set of language tags,
the user agent must queue a global task on the DOM manipulation task
source given global to fire an event
named languagechange at global, and wait
until that task begins to be executed before actually returning a new value.
To determine a plausible language, the user agent should bear in mind the following:
Any information in this API that varies from user to user can be used to profile or identify the
user.en-US" is
suggested; if all users of the service use that same value, that reduces the possibility of
distinguishing the users from each other.
To avoid introducing any more fingerprinting vectors, user agents should use the same list for the
APIs defined in this function as for the HTTP `Accept-Language` header.
interface mixin NavigatorOnLine {
readonly attribute boolean onLine ;
};self.navigator.onLineSupport in all current engines.
Support in all current engines.
Returns false if the user agent is definitely offline (disconnected from the network). Returns true if the user agent might be online.
The events online and offline are fired when the value of this attribute changes.
The onLine attribute must return false if the user agent
will not contact the network when the user follows links or when a script requests a remote page
(or knows that such an attempt would fail), and must return true otherwise.
When the value that would be returned by the navigator.onLine attribute of a Window or
WorkerGlobalScope global changes from true to false, the user agent must
queue a global task on the networking task source given
global to fire an event named offline at global.
On the other hand, when the value that would be returned by the navigator.onLine attribute of a Window or
WorkerGlobalScope global changes from false to true, the user agent must
queue a global task on the networking task source given
global to fire an event named online at the Window or WorkerGlobalScope
object.
This attribute is inherently unreliable. A computer can be connected to a network without having Internet access.
In this example, an indicator is updated as the browser goes online and offline.
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
< html lang = "en" >
< head >
< title > Online status</ title >
< script >
function updateIndicator() {
document. getElementById( 'indicator' ). textContent = navigator. onLine ? 'online' : 'offline' ;
}
</ script >
</ head >
< body onload = "updateIndicator()" ononline = "updateIndicator()" onoffline = "updateIndicator()" >
< p > The network is: < span id = "indicator" > (state unknown)</ span >
</ body >
</ html > registerProtocolHandler() methodNavigator/registerProtocolHandler
interface mixin NavigatorContentUtils {
[SecureContext ] undefined registerProtocolHandler (DOMString scheme , USVString url );
[SecureContext ] undefined unregisterProtocolHandler (DOMString scheme , USVString url );
};window.navigator.registerProtocolHandler(scheme, url)Registers a handler for scheme at url. For example, an online telephone
messaging service could register itself as a handler of the sms: scheme, so that if the user clicks on such a link, they are given the
opportunity to use that web site. [SMS]
The string "%s" in url is used as a placeholder for where
to put the URL of the content to be handled.
Throws a "SecurityError" DOMException if the user
agent blocks the registration (this might happen if trying to register as a handler for "http", for instance).
Throws a "SyntaxError" DOMException if the "%s" string is missing in url.
window.navigator.unregisterProtocolHandler(scheme, url)Navigator/unregisterProtocolHandler
Support in one engine only.
Unregisters the handler given by the arguments.
Throws a "SecurityError" DOMException if the user
agent blocks the deregistration (this might happen if with invalid schemes, for instance).
Throws a "SyntaxError" DOMException if the "%s" string is missing in url.
The registerProtocolHandler(scheme,
url) method steps are:
Let (normalizedScheme, normalizedURLString) be the result of running normalize protocol handler parameters with scheme, url, and this's relevant settings object.
In parallel: register a protocol handler for normalizedScheme and normalizedURLString. User agents may, within the constraints described, do whatever they like. A user agent could, for instance, prompt the user and offer the user the opportunity to add the site to a shortlist of handlers, or make the handlers their default, or cancel the request. User agents could also silently collect the information, providing it only when relevant to the user.
User agents should keep track of which sites have registered handlers (even if the user has declined such registrations) so that the user is not repeatedly prompted with the same request.
If the registerProtocolHandler() automation
mode of this's relevant global object's associated Document is not "none", the user agent should first verify that it
is in an automation context (see WebDriver's security considerations). The user
agent should then bypass the above communication of information and gathering of user consent,
and instead do the following based on the value of the registerProtocolHandler() automation
mode:
autoAccept"Act as if the user has seen the registration details and accepted the request.
autoReject"Act as if the user has seen the registration details and rejected the request.
When the user agent uses this handler for a URL inputURL:
Set the username given inputURL and the empty string.
Set the password given inputURL and the empty string.
Let inputURLString be the serialization of inputURL.
Let encodedURL be the result of running UTF-8 percent-encode on inputURLString using the component percent-encode set.
Let handlerURLString be normalizedURLString.
Replace the first instance of "%s" in handlerURLString
with encodedURL.
Let resultURL be the result of parsing handlerURLString.
If the user had visited a site at https://example.com/ that made the
following call:
navigator. registerProtocolHandler( 'web+soup' , 'soup?url=%s' ) ...and then, much later, while visiting https://www.example.net/,
clicked on a link such as:
< a href = "web+soup:chicken-kïwi" > Download our Chicken Kïwi soup!</ a > ...then the UA might navigate to the following URL:
https://example.com/soup?url=web+soup:chicken-k%C3%AFwi
This site could then do whatever it is that it does with soup (synthesize it and ship it to the user, or whatever).
This does not define when the handler is used. To some extent, the processing model for navigating across documents defines some cases where it is relevant, but in general user agents may use this information wherever they would otherwise consider handing schemes to native plugins or helper applications.
The unregisterProtocolHandler(scheme,
url) method steps are:
Let (normalizedScheme, normalizedURLString) be the result of running normalize protocol handler parameters with scheme, url, and this's relevant settings object.
In parallel: unregister the handler described by normalizedScheme and normalizedURLString.
To normalize protocol handler parameters, given a string scheme, a string url, and an environment settings object environment, run these steps:
Set scheme to scheme, converted to ASCII lowercase.
If scheme is neither a safelisted scheme nor a string starting with
"web+" followed by one or more ASCII
lower alphas, then throw a "SecurityError"
DOMException.
This means that including a colon in scheme (as in "mailto:") will throw.
The following schemes are the safelisted schemes:
bitcoinftpftpsgeoimircircsmagnetmailtomatrixmmsnewsnntpopenpgp4fprsftpsipsmssmstosshtelurnwebcalwtaixmppThis list can be changed. If there are schemes that ought to be added, please send feedback.
If url does not contain "%s", then throw a
"SyntaxError" DOMException.
Let urlRecord be the result of encoding-parsing a URL given url, relative to environment.
If urlRecord is failure, then throw a "SyntaxError"
DOMException.
This is forcibly the case if the %s placeholder is in the
host or port of the URL.
If urlRecord's scheme is not an
HTTP(S) scheme or urlRecord's origin is not same origin with
environment's origin, then throw
a "SecurityError" DOMException.
Assert: the result of Is url potentially trustworthy? given
urlRecord is "Potentially Trustworthy".
Because normalize protocol handler parameters is run within a secure context, this is implied by the same origin condition.
Return (scheme, urlRecord).
The serialization of
urlRecord will by definition not be a valid URL string as it includes
the string "%s" which is not a valid component in a URL.
Custom scheme handlers can introduce a number of concerns, in particular privacy concerns.
Hijacking all web usage. User agents should not allow schemes that are key to its normal operation, such as an HTTP(S) scheme, to be rerouted through third-party sites. This would allow a user's activities to be trivially tracked, and would allow user information, even in secure connections, to be collected.
Hijacking defaults. User agents are strongly urged to not automatically change any defaults, as this could lead the user to send data to remote hosts that the user is not expecting. New handlers registering themselves should never automatically cause those sites to be used.
Registration spamming. User agents should consider the possibility that a site
will attempt to register a large number of handlers, possibly from multiple domains (e.g., by
redirecting through a series of pages each on a different domain, and each registering a handler
for web+spam: — analogous practices abusing other web browser
features have been used by pornography web sites for many years). User agents should gracefully
handle such hostile attempts, protecting the user.
Hostile handler metadata. User agents should protect against typical attacks against strings embedded in their interface, for example ensuring that markup or escape characters in such strings are not executed, that null bytes are properly handled, that over-long strings do not cause crashes or buffer overruns, and so forth.
Leaking private data. Web page authors may reference a custom scheme handler using URL data considered private. They might do so with the expectation that the user's choice of handler points to a page inside the organization, ensuring that sensitive data will not be exposed to third parties. However, a user may have registered a handler pointing to an external site, resulting in a data leak to that third party. Implementers might wish to consider allowing administrators to disable custom handlers on certain subdomains, content types, or schemes.
Interface interference. User agents should be prepared to handle intentionally long arguments to the methods. For example, if the user interface exposed consists of an "accept" button and a "deny" button, with the "accept" binding containing the name of the handler, it's important that a long name not cause the "deny" button to be pushed off the screen.
Each Document has a registerProtocolHandler() automation
mode. It defaults to "none", but it also can
be either "autoAccept" or "autoReject".
For the purposes of user agent automation and website testing, this standard defines Set RPH Registration Mode WebDriver extension
command. It instructs the user agent to place a Document into a mode where it
will automatically simulate a user either accepting or rejecting and registration confirmation
prompt dialog.
| HTTP Method | URI Template |
|---|---|
`POST`
| /session/{session id}/custom-handlers/set-mode
|
The remote end steps are:
If parameters is not a JSON Object, return a WebDriver error with WebDriver error code invalid argument.
Let mode be the result of getting a property named "mode" from parameters.
If mode is not "autoAccept", "autoReject", or "none", return a WebDriver error with
WebDriver error code invalid argument.
Let document be the current browsing context's active document.
Set document's registerProtocolHandler() automation
mode to mode.
Return success with data null.
interface mixin NavigatorCookies {
readonly attribute boolean cookieEnabled ;
};window.navigator.cookieEnabledSupport in all current engines.
Returns false if setting a cookie will be ignored, and true otherwise.
The cookieEnabled attribute must return true if the
user agent attempts to handle cookies according to HTTP State Management Mechanism,
and false if it ignores cookie change requests. [COOKIES]
window.navigator.pdfViewerEnabledReturns true if the user agent supports inline viewing of PDF files when navigating to them, or false otherwise. In the latter case, PDF files will be handled by external software.
interface mixin NavigatorPlugins {
[SameObject ] readonly attribute PluginArray plugins ;
[SameObject ] readonly attribute MimeTypeArray mimeTypes ;
boolean javaEnabled ();
readonly attribute boolean pdfViewerEnabled ;
};
[Exposed =Window ,
LegacyUnenumerableNamedProperties ]
interface PluginArray {
undefined refresh ();
readonly attribute unsigned long length ;
getter Plugin ? item (unsigned long index );
getter Plugin ? namedItem (DOMString name );
};
[Exposed =Window ,
LegacyUnenumerableNamedProperties ]
interface MimeTypeArray {
readonly attribute unsigned long length ;
getter MimeType ? item (unsigned long index );
getter MimeType ? namedItem (DOMString name );
};
[Exposed =Window ,
LegacyUnenumerableNamedProperties ]
interface Plugin {
readonly attribute DOMString name ;
readonly attribute DOMString description ;
readonly attribute DOMString filename ;
readonly attribute unsigned long length ;
getter MimeType ? item (unsigned long index );
getter MimeType ? namedItem (DOMString name );
};
[Exposed =Window ]
interface MimeType {
readonly attribute DOMString type ;
readonly attribute DOMString description ;
readonly attribute DOMString suffixes ;
readonly attribute Plugin enabledPlugin ;
};Although these days detecting PDF viewer support can be done via navigator.pdfViewerEnabled, for historical reasons,
there are a number of complex and intertwined interfaces that provide the same capability, which
legacy code relies on. This section specifies both the simple modern variant and the complicated
historical one.
Each user agent has a PDF viewer supported boolean, whose value is
implementation-defined (and might vary according to user preferences).
This value also impacts the navigation processing model.
Each Window object has a PDF viewer plugin objects list. If the user
agent's PDF viewer supported is false, then it is the empty list. Otherwise, it is a
list containing five Plugin objects, whose names are, respectively:
PDF Viewer"Chrome PDF Viewer"Chromium PDF Viewer"Microsoft Edge PDF Viewer"WebKit built-in PDF"The values of the above list form the PDF viewer plugin names list.
These names were chosen based on evidence of what websites historically search
for, and thus what is necessary for user agents to expose in order to maintain compatibility with
existing content. They are ordered alphabetically. The "PDF Viewer" name
was then inserted in the 0th position so that the enabledPlugin getter could point to a generic plugin
name.
Each Window object has a PDF viewer mime type objects list. If the user
agent's PDF viewer supported is false, then it is the empty list. Otherwise, it is a
list containing two MimeType objects, whose types are, respectively:
application/pdf"text/pdf"The values of the above list form the PDF viewer mime types list.
Each NavigatorPlugins object has a plugins array, which is a new
PluginArray, and a mime types array, which is a new
MimeTypeArray.
The NavigatorPlugins mixin's plugins getter steps are to return this's
plugins array.
The NavigatorPlugins mixin's mimeTypes getter steps are to return
this's mime types array.
The NavigatorPlugins mixin's javaEnabled() method steps are to return false.
Support in all current engines.
The NavigatorPlugins mixin's pdfViewerEnabled getter steps are to return
the user agent's PDF viewer supported.
The PluginArray interface supports named
properties. If the user agent's PDF viewer supported is true, then they are
the PDF viewer plugin names. Otherwise, they are the empty list.
The PluginArray interface's namedItem(name) method steps are:
For each Plugin
plugin of this's relevant global object's PDF viewer
plugin objects: if plugin's name is
name, then return plugin.
Return null.
The PluginArray interface supports indexed properties. The
supported property indices are the indices of this's
relevant global object's PDF viewer plugin objects.
The PluginArray interface's item(index) method steps are:
Let plugins be this's relevant global object's PDF viewer plugin objects.
If index < plugins's size, then return plugins[index].
Return null.
The PluginArray interface's length getter steps are to return this's
relevant global object's PDF viewer plugin objects's size.
The PluginArray interface's refresh() method steps are to do nothing.
The MimeTypeArray interface supports named
properties. If the user agent's PDF viewer supported is true, then they are
the PDF viewer mime types. Otherwise, they are the empty list.
The MimeTypeArray interface's namedItem(name) method steps are:
For each MimeType mimeType of
this's relevant global object's PDF viewer mime type
objects: if mimeType's type is
name, then return mimeType.
Return null.
The MimeTypeArray interface supports indexed properties. The
supported property indices are the indices of this's
relevant global object's PDF viewer mime type objects.
The MimeTypeArray interface's item(index) method steps are:
Let mimeTypes be this's relevant global object's PDF viewer mime type objects.
If index < mimeTypes's size, then return mimeTypes[index].
Return null.
The MimeTypeArray interface's length getter steps are to return
this's relevant global object's PDF viewer mime type
objects's size.
Each Plugin object has a name, which is set when the object is created.
The Plugin interface's name getter steps are to return this's name.
The Plugin interface's description getter steps are to return "Portable Document Format".
The Plugin interface's filename getter steps are to return "internal-pdf-viewer".
The Plugin interface supports named properties. If the user agent's PDF viewer
supported is true, then they are the PDF viewer mime types. Otherwise, they
are the empty list.
The Plugin interface's namedItem(name) method steps are:
For each MimeType mimeType of
this's relevant global object's PDF viewer mime type
objects: if mimeType's type is
name, then return mimeType.
Return null.
The Plugin interface supports indexed properties.
The supported property indices are the indices of this's
relevant global object's PDF viewer mime type objects.
The Plugin interface's item(index) method steps are:
Let mimeTypes be this's relevant global object's PDF viewer mime type objects.
If index < mimeTypes's size, then return mimeTypes[index].
Return null.
The Plugin interface's length getter steps are to return
this's relevant global object's PDF viewer mime type
objects's size.
Each MimeType object has a type, which
is set when the object is created.
The MimeType interface's type getter steps are to return this's type.
The MimeType interface's description getter steps are to return "Portable Document Format".
The MimeType interface's suffixes getter steps are to return "pdf".
The MimeType interface's enabledPlugin getter steps are to return
this's relevant global object's PDF viewer plugin
objects[0] (i.e., the generic "PDF Viewer" one).