Living Standard — Last Updated 2 October 2024
A string is a valid non-empty URL if it is a valid URL string but it is not the empty string.
A string is a valid URL potentially surrounded by spaces if, after stripping leading and trailing ASCII whitespace from it, it is a valid URL string.
A string is a valid non-empty URL potentially surrounded by spaces if, after stripping leading and trailing ASCII whitespace from it, it is a valid non-empty URL.
This specification defines the URL about:legacy-compat
as a reserved,
though unresolvable, about:
URL, for use in DOCTYPEs in HTML documents when needed for
compatibility with XML tools. [ABOUT]
This specification defines the URL about:html-kind
as a reserved,
though unresolvable, about:
URL, that is used as an
identifier for kinds of media tracks. [ABOUT]
This specification defines the URL about:srcdoc
as a reserved, though
unresolvable, about:
URL, that is used as the URL of iframe
srcdoc
documents.
[ABOUT]
The fallback base URL of a Document
object document is the
URL record obtained by running these steps:
If document is an iframe
srcdoc
document, then:
Assert: document's about base URL is non-null.
Return document's about base URL.
If document's URL matches
about:blank
and document's about base URL is non-null, then return
document's about base URL.
Return document's URL.
The document base URL of a Document
object is the
URL record obtained by running these steps:
If there is no base
element that has an href
attribute in the Document
, then return the
Document
's fallback base URL.
Otherwise, return the frozen base URL of the first base
element
in the Document
that has an href
attribute, in
tree order.
A URL matches about:blank
if its scheme is "about
", its path contains a single string "blank
", its
username and password are the empty string, and its host is null.
Such a URL's query and fragment can be non-null. For example, the URL
record created by parsing "about:blank?foo#bar
" matches about:blank
.
A URL matches about:srcdoc
if its scheme is "about
", its path contains a single string "srcdoc
",
its query is null, its username and password are the empty string, and its host is null.
The reason that matches about:srcdoc
ensures that the
URL's query is null is because it is not
possible to create an iframe
srcdoc
document whose URL has a non-null query, unlike Document
s whose URL matches about:blank
. In other
words, the set of all URLs that match
about:srcdoc
only vary in their fragment.
Parsing a URL is the process of taking a string and obtaining the URL record that it represents. While this process is defined in URL, the HTML standard defines several wrappers to abstract base URLs and encodings. [URL]
Most new APIs are to use parse a URL. Older APIs and HTML elements might have reason to use encoding-parse a URL. When a custom base URL is needed or no base URL is desired, the URL parser can of course be used directly as well.
To parse a URL, given a string url, relative to a
Document
object or environment settings object environment,
run these steps. They return failure or a URL.
Let baseURL be environment's base
URL, if environment is a Document
object; otherwise
environment's API base URL.
Return the result of applying the URL parser to url, with baseURL.
To encoding-parse a URL,
given a string url, relative to a Document
object or environment
settings object environment, run these steps. They return failure or a
URL.
Let encoding be UTF-8.
If environment is a Document
object, then set encoding
to environment's character
encoding.
Otherwise, if environment's relevant global object is a
Window
object, set encoding to environment's relevant
global object's associated
Document
's character
encoding.
Let baseURL be environment's base
URL, if environment is a Document
object; otherwise
environment's API base URL.
Return the result of applying the URL parser to url, with baseURL and encoding.
To encoding-parse-and-serialize a
URL, given a string url, relative to a Document
object or
environment settings object environment, run these steps. They return
failure or a string.
Let url be the result of encoding-parsing a URL given url, relative to environment.
If url is failure, then return failure.
Return the result of applying the URL serializer to url.
When a document's document base URL changes, all elements in that document are affected by a base URL change.
The following are base URL change steps, which run when an element is affected by a base URL change (as defined by DOM):
If the URL identified by the hyperlink is being shown to the user, or if any
data derived from that URL is affecting the display, then the href
attribute's value should be reparsed, relative to the element's node
document and the UI updated appropriately.
For example, the CSS :link
/:visited
pseudo-classes
might have been affected.
If the hyperlink has a ping
attribute and its
URL(s) are being shown to the user, then the ping
attribute's tokens should be reparsed, relative to the element's node
document and the UI updated appropriately.
q
, blockquote
, ins
, or
del
element with a cite
attributeIf the URL identified by the cite
attribute is being
shown to the user, or if any data derived from that URL is affecting the display,
then the cite
attribute's value should be reparsed, relative to the element's node document and the UI updated
appropriately.
The element is not directly affected.
For instance, changing the base URL doesn't affect the image displayed by
img
elements, although subsequent accesses of the src
IDL attribute from script will return a new absolute
URL that might no longer correspond to the image being shown.
A response whose type is "basic
", "cors
", or "default
" is CORS-same-origin.
[FETCH]
A response whose type is "opaque
" or "opaqueredirect
" is CORS-cross-origin.
A response's unsafe response is its internal response if it has one, and the response itself otherwise.
To create a potential-CORS request, given a url, destination, corsAttributeState, and an optional same-origin fallback flag, run these steps:
Let mode be "no-cors
" if corsAttributeState
is No CORS, and "cors
"
otherwise.
If same-origin fallback flag is set and mode is "no-cors
", set mode to "same-origin
".
Let credentialsMode be "include
".
If corsAttributeState is Anonymous, set credentialsMode to "same-origin
".
Let request be a new request whose URL is url, destination is destination, mode is mode, credentials mode is credentialsMode, and whose use-URL-credentials flag is set.
The Content-Type metadata of a resource must be obtained and interpreted in a manner consistent with the requirements of MIME Sniffing. [MIMESNIFF]
The computed MIME type of a resource must be found in a manner consistent with the requirements given in MIME Sniffing. [MIMESNIFF]
The rules for sniffing images specifically, the rules for distinguishing if a resource is text or binary, and the rules for sniffing audio and video specifically are also defined in MIME Sniffing. These rules return a MIME type as their result. [MIMESNIFF]
It is imperative that the rules in MIME Sniffing be followed exactly. When a user agent uses different heuristics for content type detection than the server expects, security problems can occur. For more details, see MIME Sniffing. [MIMESNIFF]
meta
elementsThe algorithm for extracting a character encoding from a meta
element,
given a string s, is as follows. It either returns a character encoding or
nothing.
Let position be a pointer into s, initially pointing at the start of the string.
Loop: Find the first seven characters in s after position that are an ASCII case-insensitive match for the word "charset
". If no such match is found, return nothing.
Skip any ASCII whitespace that immediately follow the word "charset
" (there might not be any).
If the next character is not a U+003D EQUALS SIGN (=), then move position to point just before that next character, and jump back to the step labeled loop.
Skip any ASCII whitespace that immediately follow the equals sign (there might not be any).
Process the next character as follows:
This algorithm is distinct from those in the HTTP specifications (for example, HTTP doesn't allow the use of single quotes and requires supporting a backslash-escape mechanism that is not supported by this algorithm). While the algorithm is used in contexts that, historically, were related to HTTP, the syntax as supported by implementations diverged some time ago. [HTTP]
Support in all current engines.
A CORS settings attribute is an enumerated attribute with the following keywords and states:
Keyword | State | Brief description |
---|---|---|
anonymous
| Anonymous | Requests for the element will have their
mode set to "cors " and their
credentials mode set to "same-origin ".
|
(the empty string) | ||
use-credentials
| Use Credentials | Requests for the element will have their mode set to "cors " and their credentials mode set to "include ".
|
The attribute's missing value default is the No CORS state, and its invalid value default is the Anonymous state. For the purposes of reflection, the canonical keyword for the Anonymous state is the anonymous
keyword.
The majority of fetches governed by CORS settings attributes will be done via the create a potential-CORS request algorithm.
For more modern features, where the request's mode is always "cors
", certain CORS settings attributes have been repurposed to have a
slightly different meaning, wherein they only impact the request's credentials mode. To perform this translation, we
define the CORS settings attribute credentials mode for a given CORS
settings attribute to be determined by switching on the attribute's state:
same-origin
"include
"A referrer policy attribute is an enumerated attribute. Each referrer policy, including the empty string, is a keyword for this attribute, mapping to a state of the same name.
The attribute's missing value default and invalid value default are both the empty string state.
The impact of these states on the processing model of various fetches is defined in more detail throughout this specification, in Fetch, and in Referrer Policy. [FETCH] [REFERRERPOLICY]
Several signals can contribute to which processing model is used for a given fetch; a referrer policy attribute is only one of them. In general, the order in which these signals are processed are:
First, the presence of a noreferrer
link
type;
Then, the value of a referrer policy attribute;
Then, the presence of any meta
element with name
attribute set to referrer
.
Finally, the `Referrer-Policy
` HTTP
header.
Support in all current engines.
A nonce
content
attribute represents a cryptographic nonce ("number used once") which can be used by Content
Security Policy to determine whether or not a given fetch will be allowed to proceed. The
value is text. [CSP]
Elements that have a nonce
content attribute ensure that the
cryptographic nonce is only exposed to script (and not to side-channels like CSS attribute
selectors) by taking the value from the content attribute, moving it into an internal slot
named [[CryptographicNonce]], exposing it to script
via the HTMLOrSVGElement
interface mixin, and setting the content attribute to the
empty string. Unless otherwise specified, the slot's value is the empty string.
element.nonce
Returns the value set for element's cryptographic nonce. If the setter was not
used, this will be the value originally found in the nonce
content attribute.
element.nonce = value
Updates element's cryptographic nonce value.
The nonce
IDL attribute must, on getting, return the
value of this element's [[CryptographicNonce]]; and on setting, set this element's
[[CryptographicNonce]] to the given value.
Note how the setter for the nonce
IDL attribute does not update the corresponding
content attribute. This, as well as the below setting of the nonce
content attribute to the empty string when an element
becomes browsing-context connected, is meant to prevent exfiltration of the nonce
value through mechanisms that can easily read content attributes, such as selectors. Learn more in
issue #2369, where this behavior was
introduced.
The following attribute change
steps are used for the nonce
content attribute:
If element does not include HTMLOrSVGElement
, then
return.
If localName is not nonce
or
namespace is not null, then return.
If value is null, then set element's [[CryptographicNonce]] to the empty string.
Otherwise, set element's [[CryptographicNonce]] to value.
Whenever an element including HTMLOrSVGElement
becomes browsing-context connected, the user agent must execute the following steps
on the element:
Let CSP list be element's shadow-including root's policy container's CSP list.
If CSP list contains a header-delivered Content Security Policy, and
element has a nonce
content attribute
attr whose value is not the empty string, then:
Let nonce be element's [[CryptographicNonce]].
Set an attribute value for
element using "nonce
" and the empty
string.
Set element's [[CryptographicNonce]] to nonce.
If element's [[CryptographicNonce]] were not restored it would be the empty string at this point.
The cloning steps for elements that
include HTMLOrSVGElement
must set the
[[CryptographicNonce]] slot on the copy to the value of the slot on the element being
cloned.
Support in all current engines.
A lazy loading attribute is an enumerated attribute with the following keywords and states:
Keyword | State | Brief description |
---|---|---|
lazy
| Lazy | Used to defer fetching a resource until some conditions are met. |
eager
| Eager | Used to fetch a resource immediately; the default state. |
The attribute directs the user agent to fetch a resource immediately or to defer fetching until some conditions associated with the element are met, according to the attribute's current state.
The attribute's missing value default and invalid value default are both the Eager state.
The will lazy load element steps, given an element element, are as follows:
If scripting is disabled for element, then return false.
This is an anti-tracking measure, because if a user agent supported lazy loading when scripting is disabled, it would still be possible for a site to track a user's approximate scroll position throughout a session, by strategically placing images in a page's markup such that a server can track how many images are requested and when.
If element's lazy loading attribute is in the Lazy state, then return true.
Return false.
Each img
and iframe
element has associated lazy load resumption
steps, initially null.
For img
and iframe
elements that will lazy load, these steps are run from the lazy load
intersection observer's callback or when their lazy loading attribute is set
to the Eager state. This causes the element to
continue loading.
Each Document
has a lazy load intersection observer, initially set to
null but can be set to an IntersectionObserver
instance.
To start intersection-observing a lazy loading element element, run these steps:
Let doc be element's node document.
If doc's lazy load intersection observer is null, set it to a new
IntersectionObserver
instance, initialized as follows:
The intention is to use the original value of the
IntersectionObserver
constructor. However, we're forced to use the
JavaScript-exposed constructor in this specification, until Intersection Observer
exposes low-level hooks for use in specifications. See bug w3c/IntersectionObserver#464
which tracks this. [INTERSECTIONOBSERVER]
The callback is these steps, with arguments entries and observer:
For each entry in entries using a method of iteration which does not trigger developer-modifiable array accessors or iteration hooks:
Let resumptionSteps be null.
If entry.isIntersecting
is true, then
set resumptionSteps to entry.target
's
lazy load resumption steps.
If resumptionSteps is null, then return.
Stop intersection-observing a lazy loading element for
entry.target
.
Set entry.target
's lazy load resumption
steps to null.
Invoke resumptionSteps.
The intention is to use the original value of the
isIntersecting
and
target
getters. See w3c/IntersectionObserver#464.
[INTERSECTIONOBSERVER]
The options is an IntersectionObserverInit
dictionary with the
following dictionary members: «[ "scrollMargin
" → lazy load scroll
margin ]»
This allows for fetching the image during scrolling, when it does not yet — but is about to — intersect the viewport.
The lazy load scroll margin suggestions imply dynamic changes to the
value, but the IntersectionObserver
API does not support changing the scroll
margin. See issue w3c/IntersectionObserver#428.
Call doc's lazy load intersection observer's observe
method with element as the
argument.
The intention is to use the original value of the observe
method. See w3c/IntersectionObserver#464.
[INTERSECTIONOBSERVER]
To stop intersection-observing a lazy loading element element, run these steps:
Let doc be element's node document.
Assert: doc's lazy load intersection observer is not null.
Call doc's lazy load intersection observer's unobserve
method with element as
the argument.
The intention is to use the original value of the unobserve
method. See w3c/IntersectionObserver#464.
[INTERSECTIONOBSERVER]
The lazy load scroll margin is an implementation-defined value, but with the following suggestions to consider:
Set a minimum value that most often results in the resources being loaded before they intersect the viewport under normal usage patterns for the given device.
The typical scrolling speed: increase the value for devices with faster typical scrolling speeds.
The current scrolling speed or momentum: the UA can attempt to predict where the scrolling will likely stop, and adjust the value accordingly.
The network quality: increase the value for slow or high-latency connections.
User preferences can influence the value.
It is important for privacy that the lazy load scroll margin not leak additional information. For example, the typical scrolling speed on the current device could be imprecise so as to not introduce a new fingerprinting vector.
A blocking attribute explicitly indicates that certain operations should be blocked on the fetching of an external resource. The operations that can be blocked are represented by possible blocking tokens, which are strings listed by the following table:
Possible blocking token | Description |
---|---|
"render "
| The element is potentially render-blocking. |
In the future, there might be more possible blocking tokens.
A blocking attribute must have a value that is an unordered set of unique space-separated tokens, each of which are possible blocking tokens. The supported tokens of a blocking attribute are the possible blocking tokens. Any element can have at most one blocking attribute.
The blocking tokens set for an element el are the result of the following steps:
Let value be the value of el's blocking attribute, or the empty string if no such attribute exists.
Set value to value, converted to ASCII lowercase.
Let rawTokens be the result of splitting value on ASCII whitespace.
Return a set containing the elements of rawTokens that are possible blocking tokens.
An element is potentially render-blocking if its blocking tokens set
contains "render
", or if it is
implicitly potentially render-blocking, which will be defined at the individual
elements. By default, an element is not implicitly potentially render-blocking.
A fetch priority attribute is an enumerated attribute with the following keywords and states:
Keyword | State | Brief description |
---|---|---|
high
| high | Signals a high-priority fetch relative to other resources with the same destination. |
low
| low | Signals a low-priority fetch relative to other resources with the same destination. |
auto
| auto | Signals automatic determination of fetch priority relative to other resources with the same destination. |
The attribute's missing value default and invalid value default are both the auto state.